Looking to upgrade your apartment's HVAC system? Here's the quick answer:
- Ductless mini-splits are ideal for buildings without ductwork, offering high energy efficiency, easy installation, and individual room temperature control. However, they come with higher upfront costs and visible indoor units.
- Central HVAC systems are better for properties with existing ductwork, providing consistent climate control and better air filtration, but lack individual room control and can lose up to 30% of energy through ducts.
Quick Comparison:
| Feature | Ductless Mini-Split | Central HVAC |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Efficiency | High (SEER > 20) | Moderate (SEER 13–20) |
| Installation Cost | $3,000–$8,000 | $4,000–$10,000+ |
| Ductwork Needed | No | Yes |
| Temperature Control | Individual room control | Whole-unit control |
| Noise Levels | Quiet (30–35 dB) | Louder (50–60 dB) |
| Air Filtration | Basic | Advanced |
For properties without ductwork or where energy efficiency is a priority, ductless mini-splits are a smart choice. If you already have ductwork in place, a central HVAC system may be more practical. Read on for a detailed breakdown of both systems.
Central Air HVAC System VS Ductless Mini-Splits: Pros & Cons
Ductless Mini-Splits: How They Work and What to Know
Ductless mini-split systems have become a go-to option for apartment renovations, especially when extensive ductwork isn't feasible. These systems provide targeted climate control, making them a practical choice for multifamily properties. To decide if they're the right fit, it's important to understand how they work, their benefits, and their limitations.
How Ductless Mini-Splits Work
At their core, ductless mini-splits consist of two main parts: an outdoor compressor/condenser unit and one or more indoor air-handling units (also called evaporators) [6]. They operate using a refrigeration cycle, similar to traditional air conditioning systems, to transfer heat from inside to outside or vice versa [5][7]. The outdoor unit houses the compressor and condenser, while the indoor units contain the evaporator and fan. These components connect via a lineset - a small conduit that typically requires just a 3-inch hole in the wall [6]. This lineset carries power, refrigerant, communication signals, and condensate drainage between the units.
Here’s how it works: the heat pump moves refrigerant between the indoor and outdoor units, transferring heat in or out of the building depending on the season [7]. The indoor air handler draws in room air, conditions it through the refrigerant system, and then circulates the cooled or heated air back into the space. Each indoor unit operates independently, offering control through remote devices, smart thermostats, or mobile apps. Installation is flexible, with indoor units that can be wall-mounted, ceiling-suspended, recessed into drop ceilings, or even floor-standing [4].
Now, let’s look at why these systems are gaining popularity.
Benefits of Ductless Mini-Splits
One of the biggest advantages of ductless mini-splits is their energy efficiency. By delivering conditioned air directly to specific rooms without relying on ductwork, they eliminate the energy losses often associated with ducts. For instance, the Carrier Infinity® mini-split system boasts cooling efficiencies of up to 28.5 SEER2, compared to central systems that max out around 24 SEER2 [8]. ENERGY STAR-certified mini-splits use up to 60% less energy than standard electric radiators [10] and about 40% less than window air conditioners [9], which can lead to noticeable savings on utility bills.
Another perk is the ease of installation. Since the system only requires a small hole for the conduit, it minimizes disruption to existing structures - an important factor in retrofit projects [6]. Zoning flexibility is another standout feature. Tenants can control the temperature in individual rooms, ensuring energy isn't wasted on unused spaces [6][8]. Additionally, mini-split heat pumps can reverse their function to provide heating in colder months, potentially replacing separate heating systems in many climates [4].
Drawbacks of Ductless Mini-Splits
Despite their advantages, ductless mini-splits come with some trade-offs. The upfront cost is a common concern, with installation prices ranging from $3,000 to $10,000. These systems are often more expensive than central systems (excluding ductwork installation) and can cost up to twice as much as window units with similar capacity [13][4].
Aesthetic appeal can also be an issue. The visible indoor units may not suit everyone’s taste, and outdoor condenser units - whether wall-mounted, rooftop-installed, or ground-level - can detract from a building’s exterior appearance [4][11]. Additionally, mini-splits typically use lower MERV filters, which are less effective at capturing small particles. This may require property managers to invest in separate air purification devices for better air quality [4].
Maintenance is another consideration. With components often located in less accessible areas, servicing these systems can be challenging and may require specialized technicians, leading to higher maintenance costs over time [11]. While ideal for smaller or well-defined spaces, mini-splits can struggle in large rooms or open floor plans, sometimes resulting in uneven temperature distribution and hot or cold spots [12]. Proper installation and regular maintenance are essential to avoid issues like refrigerant leaks, which can be particularly problematic in smaller apartment spaces [14].
Even with these challenges, ductless mini-splits remain a strong option for apartment renovations, especially in buildings without existing ductwork or where energy efficiency is a priority.
Central HVAC Systems: How They Work and What to Know
Central HVAC systems offer a centralized way to manage climate control, making them a solid fit for multifamily buildings with existing ductwork. For property managers tackling retrofit projects, understanding how these systems operate - and their benefits and challenges - is key to making informed decisions.
How Central HVAC Systems Work
Central HVAC systems operate from a single unit, typically located in a mechanical room or on the roof, to filter, heat or cool, and distribute air through ductwork [15]. The process starts with air intake, which is filtered and conditioned using heating or cooling coils. Fans then circulate the treated air through a network of ducts, delivering it to individual apartments via supply vents. Once the air circulates through living spaces, it’s pulled back to the central unit through return vents [16]. This centralized setup not only streamlines air distribution but also simplifies maintenance and system monitoring. Unlike ductless systems, central HVAC depends entirely on ductwork for moving air throughout the building.
Benefits of Central HVAC Systems
One of the standout advantages of central HVAC systems is their ability to provide consistent climate control across an entire building [15]. They also excel in air filtration, effectively removing dust and contaminants before air reaches individual apartments [15]. For larger buildings, central systems are often the go-to choice due to their ability to deliver energy efficiency at scale [15].
Drawbacks of Central HVAC Systems
The biggest downside? Limited individual temperature control. Central HVAC systems don’t allow tenants to set unique temperatures for their units [15].
Retrofitting these systems into older buildings is another challenge. As SAM Mechanical notes:
"Implementing modern, retrofitted HVAC in historic and older buildings presents unique challenges. These structures often lack the space for conventional ductwork, necessitating creative retrofit HVAC solutions like mini ducts or split systems. Moreover, any modifications have to respect the building's architectural integrity." [17]
Older buildings with low floor-to-floor heights often make ductwork installation tricky [18]. Additionally, finding space for central HVAC equipment can be a hurdle due to structural and load limitations [18]. Retrofitting may also require significant upgrades to the building’s electrical systems and the installation of new ductwork [17]. Poor insulation in older structures can lead to energy losses of up to 30% [19].
Maintenance is another consideration. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, every dollar spent on preventative maintenance can save $4 in repair costs [21]. Routine maintenance typically costs between $75 and $200 and should be performed at least twice a year - ideally before the heating and cooling seasons [20]. Air filters need to be checked monthly and replaced every 1–3 months, while ductwork should be inspected regularly to prevent leaks or blockages [20]. In older buildings, hazardous materials like asbestos can further complicate ductwork installation [18].
These challenges underscore the importance of assessing a building’s infrastructure before committing to a central HVAC system. Despite the hurdles, central HVAC remains an excellent choice for multifamily properties, particularly those with existing ductwork or larger buildings where centralized climate control offers efficiency and convenience.
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Side-by-Side Comparison: Energy Efficiency, Installation, and Comfort
When deciding between ductless mini-splits and central HVAC systems for apartment renovations, three critical factors often guide the choice: energy performance, ease of installation, and resident comfort.
Energy Efficiency and Utility Costs
Ductless mini-splits generally outperform central HVAC systems in energy efficiency. Mini-splits often achieve SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) ratings above 20, while older central HVAC systems typically range from 13–16 SEER. Even newer, high-efficiency central units rarely surpass the 20 SEER mark[1]. A big reason for this efficiency gap is the lack of ductwork in mini-splits, as ducted systems can lose up to 30% of their energy through leaks or inefficiencies in the duct network[1][4].
As Mike Haines from HVAC Wholesaler puts it:
"Mini-split systems typically have higher SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) ratings than traditional HVAC systems, meaning they consume less energy for cooling." [1]
Mini-splits use inverter-driven compressors, which adjust output based on demand, and offer zoning capabilities. This means tenants can control the temperature in individual rooms, avoiding the waste of heating or cooling unused spaces. For example, a 12,000 BTU mini-split unit consumes around 10–15 kWh per day for heating and 8–12 kWh per day for cooling, depending on the unit size and usage patterns[22].
Blue Ridge Heating & Air highlights this benefit:
"Mini split electric bill savings are often cited as a major advantage of these systems. By design, ductless mini splits avoid the energy losses associated with ductwork in traditional HVAC systems. Such losses can account for up to 30% of energy consumption, especially if the ducts are in unconditioned spaces like attics." [22]
Here’s a quick comparison:
| Feature | Ductless Mini-Split | Central HVAC |
|---|---|---|
| SEER Rating | Often exceeds 20 | 13–16 (older), up to 20 (new) |
| Energy Losses | Minimal (no ductwork) | Up to 30% through ducts |
| Zone Control | Individual room control | Whole-unit temperature |
| Initial Cost | $3,000–$8,000 | $4,000–$10,000+ |
Installation Complexity and Disruption
The complexity of installation is another factor that can sway your decision. Ductless mini-splits are much easier to install in existing buildings, making them an attractive choice for retrofitting. As Connie Schroder from Daikin Comfort Technologies explains:
"Ductless mini-split systems can be relatively easy to retrofit in existing buildings, requiring only a hole through the wall to run piping and wiring." [23]
On the other hand, central HVAC systems often require significant ductwork installation, which can involve major renovations - especially in older buildings. Chris Petri, operations manager at Petri Plumbing, notes:
"In a central air system … those ducts take away from the square footage of the livable space, and ductless mini-split systems allow homeowners to keep as much square footage of livable space as possible." [23]
Both systems may require electrical upgrades to support new equipment. However, mini-splits offer more flexible design options, including wall-mounted, ceiling cassette, and floor-mounted units, making it easier to adapt them to various apartment layouts[24]. Central HVAC, by contrast, often involves more disruption due to the need for ductwork routing.
Resident Comfort and Air Quality
When it comes to comfort, ductless mini-splits shine with their ability to provide room-specific temperature control, while central HVAC systems deliver consistent heating or cooling across the entire apartment[3]. Noise levels also favor mini-splits, which typically operate at a quiet 30–35 decibels. In comparison, central HVAC systems average 50–60 decibels, and window units can be as loud as 80 decibels[25].
Air quality is another area where these systems differ. Central HVAC systems excel at whole-apartment air filtration, effectively removing dust, pollen, and other contaminants. They can even be equipped with advanced filtration options like HEPA filters or UV sterilization[3]. Mini-splits, while not as robust in filtration, still improve indoor air quality through built-in filters. NEXGEN HVAC & Plumbing highlights this benefit:
"Improved IAQ is also a significant benefit many people don't know about. Ductless mini-splits are quite effective at keeping indoor air safe and clean. They can help decrease allergies, discomfort, and the risk of asthma and other illnesses." [26]
Additionally, mini-splits are excellent at dehumidifying air, which helps prevent mold and mildew - especially important in humid climates. Some models even include UV lamps to further reduce microorganisms. These features make both systems appealing, depending on your renovation priorities and the specific needs of your residents.
Final Recommendations for Multifamily Property Managers
When deciding on the best HVAC system for your property, consider factors like the building's age, the condition of existing ductwork, long-term operational costs, and the comfort needs of your tenants.
If your property lacks ductwork, mini-split systems can be a smart choice. They eliminate the need for expensive duct installations, provide efficient zoning, and help reduce energy costs. Experts highlight that mini-splits are highly efficient, easy to install, and excellent for zoning. Meanwhile, central HVAC systems are ideal for properties with existing ductwork or larger spaces, offering consistent comfort throughout the building [1].
For properties with intact ductwork, central HVAC systems often come with lower upfront costs. However, older ductwork can cause energy losses of up to 30%. Upgrades like Aeroseal duct sealing can significantly improve energy efficiency [27].
Mini-splits are also known for their cost-saving potential, reducing cooling expenses by up to 30% thanks to effective zoning. In many cases, these systems can pay for themselves within just a few summers [27]. Across the multifamily sector, energy-efficiency upgrades could improve overall efficiency by 15–30%, potentially saving around $3.4 billion in utility costs nationwide [29].
To minimize disruptions during HVAC installations in occupied buildings, schedule work during off-peak hours, use temporary barriers to control noise and dust, and provide portable heating or cooling units to maintain tenant comfort [30].
Take advantage of state incentives like Mass Save to offset the cost of mini-split installations. Properties with central heat pump systems that work with existing ductwork may also qualify for rebates [27].
For more complex projects, hybrid solutions might be the way to go. For example, you could combine central air systems with mini-splits in areas without ductwork [2]. Another innovative option is Integrated Mechanical System Pods (IMSPs), which bundle heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water into a single unit. This approach has been shown to lower site energy consumption by 27% [28].
Efficient retrofits have the potential to impact 16.1 million multifamily units, cutting energy costs by approximately $4.3 billion [28]. With the U.S. multifamily market valued at $265 billion in 2022 and projected to grow to $466 billion by 2030 [29], selecting the right HVAC system not only enhances tenant satisfaction but also positions your property for long-term success.
For more renovation tips and vendor recommendations, explore Big Multifamily Vendors' resource library.
FAQs
What are the long-term costs of using ductless mini-splits instead of a central HVAC system for apartment renovations?
Ductless mini-split systems can save you money in the long run, especially when compared to central HVAC systems. A big reason for this is their energy efficiency. Unlike central systems, mini-splits don’t rely on ductwork, which can waste up to 30% of energy due to leaks or heat loss. This means lower energy consumption and, ultimately, smaller utility bills.
On top of that, mini-splits are often less expensive to install, with costs typically falling between $2,100 and $3,900. They also require maintenance less frequently, which cuts down on ongoing expenses. These benefits make them a practical option for apartment renovations. Over time, the combination of reduced energy use and minimal upkeep can turn mini-splits into a smart financial move for both property owners and tenants.
Do ductless mini-splits affect the look of an apartment, and how can they be less noticeable?
Ductless mini-splits, while efficient, can sometimes clash with an apartment's aesthetic due to their visible indoor units. But don’t worry - there are clever ways to make them less conspicuous and better suited to your space.
For example, you could paint the unit to match your wall color, helping it blend in naturally. Another option is to position it behind furniture or decorative panels. If you're up for a more creative solution, consider integrating the unit into custom cabinetry or even a recessed ceiling design. These approaches allow you to maintain a polished look without compromising the system's performance.
What should property managers consider when choosing between ductless mini-splits and central HVAC systems for older buildings?
When choosing between ductless mini-splits and central HVAC systems for older buildings, property managers need to weigh several important factors:
- Building structure and ductwork: If the building lacks existing ductwork, ductless mini-splits are often the better choice since their installation is less invasive. On the other hand, central HVAC systems work well in properties where ductwork is already in place.
- Installation complexity and cost: Mini-splits are generally easier and less disruptive to install, making them a popular option for retrofitting older buildings. Central systems, however, usually come with higher upfront costs due to the need for ductwork installation and potential renovations.
- Energy efficiency and comfort: Mini-splits offer zoning capabilities, allowing for customized temperature control in individual rooms. This can lead to better energy efficiency and improved comfort for residents. Central systems, while providing consistent cooling throughout the building, may be less efficient in older structures with poor insulation.
Other considerations include aesthetics, such as the visibility of wall-mounted units in mini-splits versus the hidden ductwork of central systems. There's also the potential impact on the building's historical charm or resale value. Ultimately, the right choice depends on the building's unique needs and the preferences of its residents.
